Understanding and Treating Generational Trauma Amongst Indigenous Communities in Australia

Understanding and Treating Generational Trauma Amongst Indigenous Communities in Australia

• Gurprit Ganda
• Sep 18, 2025
• 11 min read

Introduction

For over 65,000 years, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples thrived on this continent with sophisticated social systems, deep spiritual connections to Country, and powerful healing traditions. However, the impacts of colonisation have created wounds that continue to affect Indigenous communities today through what we call generational trauma. This trauma doesn’t just affect individuals - it impacts entire families and communities across generations.

Understanding generational trauma in Indigenous communities requires us to recognise both the devastating effects of historical injustices and the incredible strength and resilience of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. More importantly, it calls us to support healing approaches that combine the best of traditional Indigenous knowledge with contemporary therapeutic practices.

This guide explores the complex nature of generational trauma, its specific impacts on Indigenous communities, and the culturally safe treatment approaches that are helping to break cycles of trauma and restore cultural pride and connection.

What is Generational Trauma in Indigenous Communities?

Generational trauma, also known as intergenerational or transgenerational trauma, refers to the transmission of trauma from one generation to the next (Menzies, 2019). For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, this trauma stems primarily from the ongoing impacts of colonisation, including forced removal from Country, destruction of cultural practices, and systematic oppression.

The Historical Context

The Stolen Generations are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who were forcibly removed as children from their families and communities through race-based policies set up by both State and Federal Governments from 1910 to the 1970s. However, the trauma began much earlier with colonisation and continues today through ongoing discrimination and cultural disconnection.

Key historical trauma sources include:

• Massacres and violent dispossession of land

Massacres and violent dispossession of land

• Forced removal of children (Stolen Generations)

Forced removal of children (Stolen Generations)

• Placement in missions and institutions

Placement in missions and institutions

• Suppression of language, culture, and spiritual practices

Suppression of language, culture, and spiritual practices

• Ongoing institutional racism and discrimination

Ongoing institutional racism and discrimination

How Trauma Passes Between Generations

If people don’t have the opportunity to heal from past trauma, they may unknowingly pass it on to others. Their children may experience difficulties with attachment, disconnection from their extended families and culture and high levels of stress from family and community members who are dealing with the impacts of trauma.

Research shows that trauma can be transmitted through:

• Biological pathways

  : Changes in DNA and stress response systems

Biological pathways

: Changes in DNA and stress response systems

• Psychological pathways

  : Altered parenting patterns and emotional regulation

Psychological pathways

: Altered parenting patterns and emotional regulation

• Social pathways

  : Community disconnection and loss of cultural practices

Social pathways

: Community disconnection and loss of cultural practices

• Spiritual pathways

  : Separation from Country and traditional healing practices

Spiritual pathways

: Separation from Country and traditional healing practices

The Unique Impact on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities

Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB)

An understanding of the Indigenous model of health is necessary to prevent re-traumatisation. This model embraces connection to country, spirit, spirituality, ancestors, culture, community, family, kinship, the physical body, mind and emotions.

For Indigenous Australians, wellbeing isn’t just about individual mental health - it’s about connection to:

• Country

  : The land, waters, and sacred sites

Country

: The land, waters, and sacred sites

• Culture

  : Language, traditions, and ceremonies

Culture

: Language, traditions, and ceremonies

• Community

  : Extended family and kinship networks

Community

: Extended family and kinship networks

• Spirituality

  : Ancestral connections and Dreamtime stories

Spirituality

: Ancestral connections and Dreamtime stories

Current Manifestations of Generational Trauma

The effects of colonisation and State-enforced policies continue to play out in every facet of the lives of First Nations’ communities as evidenced by the yearly “Closing the Gap” reports.

Statistics reflecting ongoing trauma impacts:

• Indigenous Australians are 10 times more likely to be imprisoned than non-Indigenous Australians

Indigenous Australians are 10 times more likely to be imprisoned than non-Indigenous Australians

• Indigenous children are removed from families at rates 11 times higher than non-Indigenous children

Indigenous children are removed from families at rates 11 times higher than non-Indigenous children

• Life expectancy gaps of 8-9 years persist between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians

Life expectancy gaps of 8-9 years persist between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians

• Suicide rates among Indigenous youth are among the highest in the world

Suicide rates among Indigenous youth are among the highest in the world

The Neurobiological Impact

Modern neuroscience confirms what Indigenous communities have long understood - trauma affects the whole person. Neurological research supports the view that unresolved trauma resides within the body as physiological memories, affecting stress responses, attachment patterns, and emotional regulation across generations.

Understanding Culturally Safe Treatment Approaches

What is Cultural Safety?

Cultural safety goes far beyond cultural awareness or competency. Those who subscribe to the concept of cultural safety need to recognise and unpack racism that can be interpersonal, covert, overt, institutional or systemic.

Key principles of cultural safety include:

• Recognising power imbalances and historical trauma

Recognising power imbalances and historical trauma

• Understanding one’s own cultural biases and privilege

Understanding one’s own cultural biases and privilege

• Centering Indigenous voices and knowledge systems

Centering Indigenous voices and knowledge systems

• Addressing systemic barriers to healing

Addressing systemic barriers to healing

The Limitations of Western-Only Approaches

Non-Indigenous psychologists have described needing to step outside of their psychology training, as Western psychology models are considered inadequate for meeting the needs of Aboriginal people accessing mental health support.

Traditional Western therapy often:

• Focuses on individual symptoms rather than collective healing

Focuses on individual symptoms rather than collective healing

• Ignores spiritual and cultural dimensions of wellbeing

Ignores spiritual and cultural dimensions of wellbeing

• Fails to address historical and ongoing trauma

Fails to address historical and ongoing trauma

• Lacks understanding of Indigenous worldviews and healing practices

Lacks understanding of Indigenous worldviews and healing practices

Evidence-Based Culturally Informed Treatment Approaches

Aboriginal Models of Healing

Aboriginal people are best placed to inform their healing needs, as they have lived through, resisted, and survived the trauma caused by colonisation for many generations.

Core elements of Indigenous healing approaches:

• Holistic healing

  : Addressing mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual needs

Holistic healing

: Addressing mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual needs

• Connection to Country

  : Incorporating land-based healing practices

Connection to Country

: Incorporating land-based healing practices

• Cultural restoration

  : Reclaiming language, traditions, and ceremonies

Cultural restoration

: Reclaiming language, traditions, and ceremonies

• Community involvement

  : Healing within kinship and community networks

Community involvement

: Healing within kinship and community networks

• Elder guidance

  : Learning from traditional knowledge holders

Elder guidance

: Learning from traditional knowledge holders

Trauma-Informed, Culturally Safe Practice

Services need to be ‘trauma-informed’, that is directly deal with trauma and its effects, while also being culturally responsive to Indigenous ways of knowing, being, and doing.

Essential components include:

• Safety

  : Creating physically and psychologically safe environments

Safety

: Creating physically and psychologically safe environments

• Trustworthiness

  : Building relationships based on respect and honesty

Trustworthiness

: Building relationships based on respect and honesty

• Peer support

  : Learning from others with lived experience

Peer support

: Learning from others with lived experience

• Collaboration

  : Sharing power and decision-making with clients

Collaboration

: Sharing power and decision-making with clients

• Empowerment

  : Building on strengths and resilience

Empowerment

: Building on strengths and resilience

• Cultural responsiveness

  : Incorporating Indigenous values and practices

Cultural responsiveness

: Incorporating Indigenous values and practices

Specific Therapeutic Modalities

1. Narrative Therapy with Cultural Adaptation

• Helps individuals re-author their stories

Helps individuals re-author their stories

• Incorporates traditional storytelling methods

Incorporates traditional storytelling methods

• Separates the person from the problem of trauma

Separates the person from the problem of trauma

2. Family Systems Therapy

• Addresses intergenerational trauma patterns

Addresses intergenerational trauma patterns

• Includes extended kinship networks

Includes extended kinship networks

• Honors Indigenous family structures

Honors Indigenous family structures

3. Expressive Arts Therapy

• Uses traditional art forms (painting, dance, music)

Uses traditional art forms (painting, dance, music)

• Connects with cultural identity and pride

Connects with cultural identity and pride

• Provides non-verbal trauma processing

Provides non-verbal trauma processing

4. Land-Based Healing Programs

• Reconnects people with Country

Reconnects people with Country

• Uses traditional ecological knowledge

Uses traditional ecological knowledge

• Combines cultural learning with therapeutic practice

Combines cultural learning with therapeutic practice

Community-Led Healing Programs and Initiatives

The Healing Foundation Model

To achieve success in these endeavors, it’s essential to collaborate with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander healing leaders, survivors, youth, therapists, and academics. Together, we can leverage traditional Indigenous healing wisdom alongside Western trauma insights, co-designing projects that merge these valuable perspectives.

Successful program elements:

• Community ownership and leadership

Community ownership and leadership

• Integration of cultural practices

Integration of cultural practices

• Intergenerational participation

Intergenerational participation

• Strengths-based approaches

Strengths-based approaches

• Long-term sustainability planning

Long-term sustainability planning

Cultural Strengthening Programs

Cultural connection for Aboriginal young people promotes wellbeing, resilience and healing. Research demonstrates that cultural strengthening programs help young people:

• Strengthen social and emotional wellbeing

Strengthen social and emotional wellbeing

• Build resilience against trauma and racism

Build resilience against trauma and racism

• Develop stronger cultural identity

Develop stronger cultural identity

• Improve help-seeking behaviors

Improve help-seeking behaviors

Effective cultural strengthening includes:

• Language revitalization programs

Language revitalization programs

• Traditional skill-sharing workshops

Traditional skill-sharing workshops

• Ceremony and ritual participation

Ceremony and ritual participation

• Mentorship with Elders

Mentorship with Elders

• Connection to sacred sites and Country

Connection to sacred sites and Country

School and Community-Based Programs

At the Murri School in Queensland, therapeutic intervention, service coordination, family case work, family camps, and cultural activities have been combined to create a holistic healing environment for students.

Successful programs integrate:

• Trauma-informed educational practices

Trauma-informed educational practices

• Cultural learning in curricula

Cultural learning in curricula

• Family and community involvement

Family and community involvement

• Traditional and contemporary healing methods

Traditional and contemporary healing methods

• Professional and cultural support workers

Professional and cultural support workers

Test Your Knowledge

The Role of Non-Indigenous Practitioners

Essential Self-Reflection and Learning

Several knowledge holders described the importance of practitioners reflecting on their own cultural, political, and social positioning, and critically examining their beliefs, attitudes, and experiences concerning their practice and engagement with Aboriginal people.

Key areas for self-reflection:

• Understanding personal and professional privilege

Understanding personal and professional privilege

• Examining unconscious biases and assumptions

Examining unconscious biases and assumptions

• Learning about local Indigenous history and culture

Learning about local Indigenous history and culture

• Recognizing limitations of Western training

Recognizing limitations of Western training

• Committing to ongoing cultural learning

Committing to ongoing cultural learning

Best Practice Guidelines

1. Relationship Building

• Invest time in developing genuine relationships

Invest time in developing genuine relationships

• Show respect for Indigenous protocols and customs

Show respect for Indigenous protocols and customs

• Listen more than you speak

Listen more than you speak

• Acknowledge your position as a guest on Indigenous land

Acknowledge your position as a guest on Indigenous land

2. Collaborative Approach

• Share power and decision-making

Share power and decision-making

• Follow Indigenous leadership

Follow Indigenous leadership

• Support community-designed programs

Support community-designed programs

• Advocate for systemic change

Advocate for systemic change

3. Ongoing Learning

• Engage in regular cultural supervision

Engage in regular cultural supervision

• Participate in cultural safety training

Participate in cultural safety training

• Learn from Indigenous colleagues and mentors

Learn from Indigenous colleagues and mentors

• Stay updated on best practice research

Stay updated on best practice research

When to Refer and How

Practitioners should consider referral to Indigenous-led services when:

• Clients specifically request Indigenous practitioners

Clients specifically request Indigenous practitioners

• Cultural issues are central to the presenting concerns

Cultural issues are central to the presenting concerns

• Specialized cultural healing approaches are needed

Specialized cultural healing approaches are needed

• Community-based interventions would be more appropriate

Community-based interventions would be more appropriate

Addressing Systemic Barriers to Healing

Institutional Racism in Healthcare

The healthcare system has acknowledged institutional racism toward First Nations Peoples. However in the 21st century, First Nations Peoples are still dying earlier than non-Indigenous Australians.

Common barriers include:

• Discriminatory practices in healthcare settings

Discriminatory practices in healthcare settings

• Lack of culturally competent staff

Lack of culturally competent staff

• Insufficient funding for Indigenous-led programs

Insufficient funding for Indigenous-led programs

• Geographic barriers to accessing services

Geographic barriers to accessing services

• Historical mistrust of mainstream services

Historical mistrust of mainstream services

Policy and Funding Implications

The current programmatic approaches to addressing challenges within Australian Indigenous communities will have limited impact unless accompanied by a significant focus on understanding and addressing structural factors, including intergenerational trauma.

Essential policy changes needed:

• Increased funding for Indigenous-led healing programs

Increased funding for Indigenous-led healing programs

• Mandatory cultural safety training for all healthcare workers

Mandatory cultural safety training for all healthcare workers

• Recognition of traditional healing practices in health policy

Recognition of traditional healing practices in health policy

• Long-term commitment to community-controlled services

Long-term commitment to community-controlled services

• Truth-telling and acknowledgment of historical trauma

Truth-telling and acknowledgment of historical trauma

The Importance of Truth-Telling

Healing cannot occur without acknowledgment of historical injustices. The recent Australians’ rejection of the Indigenous Voice in constitutional vote also indicates continuing structural injustice towards Indigenous Australians.

Truth-telling processes help by:

• Validating experiences of trauma and loss

Validating experiences of trauma and loss

• Creating opportunities for acknowledgment and apology

Creating opportunities for acknowledgment and apology

• Educating non-Indigenous Australians about history

Educating non-Indigenous Australians about history

• Supporting policy and legal reform

Supporting policy and legal reform

• Building bridges between communities

Building bridges between communities

Building Resilience and Protective Factors

Cultural Protective Factors

Research consistently shows that connection to culture acts as a protective factor against trauma and mental health challenges. Lived experience provided evidence that cultural strengthening programs help strengthen SEWB, including connection to self, relationships, community and culture.

Key protective factors include:

• Strong cultural identity and pride

Strong cultural identity and pride

• Connection to Country and traditional practices

Connection to Country and traditional practices

• Supportive family and kinship networks

Supportive family and kinship networks

• Access to Elders and cultural mentors

Access to Elders and cultural mentors

• Participation in cultural ceremonies and events

Participation in cultural ceremonies and events

• Knowledge of traditional languages

Knowledge of traditional languages

• Understanding of cultural values and protocols

Understanding of cultural values and protocols

Family and Community Healing

Through the provision of culturally safe, trauma-aware perinatal care we can intervene in cycles of intergenerational trauma to promote cycles of healing and nurturing.

Effective family healing approaches:

• Multigenerational therapy programs

Multigenerational therapy programs

• Family camps and cultural immersion experiences

Family camps and cultural immersion experiences

• Parenting programs that incorporate traditional child-rearing practices

Parenting programs that incorporate traditional child-rearing practices

• Support for cultural transmission between generations

Support for cultural transmission between generations

• Addressing substance use within cultural frameworks

Addressing substance use within cultural frameworks

Economic and Social Empowerment

True healing requires addressing the social determinants of health that perpetuate trauma:

• Employment and economic opportunities

Employment and economic opportunities

• Safe and affordable housing

Safe and affordable housing

• Quality education that includes cultural learning

Quality education that includes cultural learning

• Access to healthy food and environments

Access to healthy food and environments

• Community infrastructure and services

Community infrastructure and services

Professional Support and Services

Finding Culturally Safe Practitioners

When seeking professional support for generational trauma, look for practitioners who:

• Have completed cultural safety training

Have completed cultural safety training

• Work under Indigenous supervision or guidance

Work under Indigenous supervision or guidance

• Demonstrate understanding of historical trauma

Demonstrate understanding of historical trauma

• Use strengths-based, trauma-informed approaches

Use strengths-based, trauma-informed approaches

• Respect and incorporate cultural practices

Respect and incorporate cultural practices

• Are committed to ongoing cultural learning

Are committed to ongoing cultural learning

Types of Services Available

Indigenous-Led Services:

• Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organizations (ACCHOs)

Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organizations (ACCHOs)

• Traditional healing and cultural restoration programs

Traditional healing and cultural restoration programs

• Indigenous-specific counseling and therapy services

Indigenous-specific counseling and therapy services

• Community healing circles and support groups

Community healing circles and support groups

Mainstream Services with Cultural Competency:

• Hospitals and health services with Indigenous liaison officers

Hospitals and health services with Indigenous liaison officers

• Mental health services with cultural training

Mental health services with cultural training

• Family and community services with Indigenous partnerships

Family and community services with Indigenous partnerships

• Educational institutions with cultural support programs

Educational institutions with cultural support programs

At Potentialz, we recognize the critical importance of culturally safe practice when working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients. Our team commits to ongoing cultural learning and works collaboratively with Indigenous communities and practitioners. We provide

trauma therapy

and

family support services

using trauma-informed, culturally responsive approaches.

National and State Resources

• The Healing Foundation

  : National organization addressing intergenerational trauma

The Healing Foundation

: National organization addressing intergenerational trauma

• 13YARN

  : National crisis support service for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

13YARN

: National crisis support service for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

• Lifeline

  : 13 11 14 (available 24/7)

Lifeline

: 13 11 14 (available 24/7)

• Beyond Blue

  : 1300 22 4636

Beyond Blue

: 1300 22 4636

• Thirrili

  : 1800 805 801 (suicide postvention support)

Thirrili

: 1800 805 801 (suicide postvention support)

The Path Forward: Hope and Healing

Emerging Innovations

Our education and training packages move beyond the mental health services delivery model and into a socio-cultural model of health which skills and empowers workers for personal and community developmental approaches for individual and group wellbeing.

Innovative approaches include:

• Technology-enabled cultural learning platforms

Technology-enabled cultural learning platforms

• Telehealth services for remote communities

Telehealth services for remote communities

• Integration of traditional and contemporary healing

Integration of traditional and contemporary healing

• Youth-led cultural restoration projects

Youth-led cultural restoration projects

• Art and creative expression therapy programs

Art and creative expression therapy programs

Research and Evidence Building

The insights gained stand to improve existing understandings and practices for culturally safe healing in Australia and beyond. Aboriginal voices, knowledges, and cultures must continue to be privileged in the efforts to heal.

Current research priorities include:

• Evaluation of cultural healing programs

Evaluation of cultural healing programs

• Understanding resilience factors in Indigenous communities

Understanding resilience factors in Indigenous communities

• Development of culturally adapted therapeutic approaches

Development of culturally adapted therapeutic approaches

• Investigation of epigenetic trauma transmission and healing

Investigation of epigenetic trauma transmission and healing

• Documentation of traditional healing knowledge

Documentation of traditional healing knowledge

Vision for the Future

The ultimate goal is not just to treat trauma, but to support the restoration of cultural strength and pride that will protect future generations. This includes:

• Self-determination in health and healing services

Self-determination in health and healing services

• Recognition and integration of traditional healing practices

Recognition and integration of traditional healing practices

• Elimination of systemic racism and discrimination

Elimination of systemic racism and discrimination

• Truth-telling and reconciliation processes

Truth-telling and reconciliation processes

• Investment in Indigenous-led solutions

Investment in Indigenous-led solutions

Conclusion

Understanding and treating generational trauma amongst Indigenous communities in Australia requires a fundamental shift from deficit-based approaches to ones that recognize the incredible resilience, wisdom, and healing knowledge of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, healing is a holistic process, which addresses mental, physical, emotional and spiritual needs and involves connection.

The path to healing generational trauma is not simple or quick, but it is possible. It requires commitment from individuals, communities, and institutions to:

• Acknowledge historical injustices and their ongoing impacts

Acknowledge historical injustices and their ongoing impacts

• Center Indigenous voices and knowledge in healing approaches

Center Indigenous voices and knowledge in healing approaches

• Address systemic barriers and discrimination

Address systemic barriers and discrimination

• Support community-led healing initiatives

Support community-led healing initiatives

• Invest in long-term, holistic approaches to wellbeing

Invest in long-term, holistic approaches to wellbeing

Most importantly, it requires understanding that culture is not just part of the healing - culture IS the healing. When Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are connected to Country, culture, community, and spirituality, they have access to healing knowledge that has sustained them for over 65,000 years.

By supporting culturally safe, trauma-informed approaches that honor Indigenous knowledge and leadership, we can help break cycles of trauma and support the restoration of cultural strength that will protect and nurture future generations.

Related Articles on Potentialz

• Breaking the Cycle: Understanding and Healing Intergenerational Trauma

Breaking the Cycle: Understanding and Healing Intergenerational Trauma

• The Importance of Trauma-informed Care

The Importance of Trauma-informed Care

• How Emotional Trauma Changes Your Brain

How Emotional Trauma Changes Your Brain

• Understanding How Cognitive Processing Therapy Helps Heal Trauma

Understanding How Cognitive Processing Therapy Helps Heal Trauma

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