Section 10 vs Section 14 Reports: Understanding the Key Differences

Gurprit Ganda
Sep 10, 2025
7 min read

Introduction

When facing criminal charges in New South Wales, understanding your legal options can make the difference between having a criminal record and walking away without one. Two important provisions in NSW law - Section 10 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 and Section 14 of the Mental Health and Cognitive Impairment Forensic Provisions Act 2020 - offer alternatives to traditional criminal penalties.

While both can result in charges being dismissed without a criminal conviction, they serve very different purposes and have distinct eligibility requirements. This guide will help you understand the key differences between these two options and determine which might apply to your situation.

What is a Section 10 Order?

A Section 10 order is a sentencing option under the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 that allows a court to find someone guilty of an offence but dismiss the charges without recording a criminal conviction. This powerful legal tool means no conviction appears on your criminal record, even though the court has found you guilty of the offence.

Types of Section 10 Orders

There are three types of Section 10 orders available:

Section 10(1)(a) - Outright Dismissal

The court finds the offender guilty of the offence, but the charge is dismissed and no conviction is recorded. This is the most lenient penalty.

Section 10(1)(b) - Conditional Release Order

The offender is found guilty, and no conviction is recorded. However, the offender is placed on a conditional release order, similar to a good behaviour bond, for up to two years.

Section 10(1)(c) - Intervention Program

The court dismisses the charges on condition that the person enters into an agreement to participate in an intervention program.

Who is Eligible for Section 10?

There is no automatic right to a section 10, even if the person has no criminal record and is charged with a minor offence. The court will consider each case, and each offender, individually.

Section 10 orders are available for most criminal and traffic offences, but certain restrictions apply:

Traffic offences

: Limited to one Section 10 in five years for certain driving offences

Traffic offences

: Limited to one Section 10 in five years for certain driving offences

Serious offences

: Less likely to be granted for serious crimes

Serious offences

: Less likely to be granted for serious crimes

Repeat offenders

: A court will consider your criminal history when deciding your sentence

Repeat offenders

: A court will consider your criminal history when deciding your sentence

What is a Section 14 Order?

A Section 14 order operates under the Mental Health and Cognitive Impairment Forensic Provisions Act 2020, which replaced the previous Section 32 provisions in 2020. This Act changes the way the court system deals with defendants who are found to have mental health conditions or cognitive impairments and subsequently have charges withdrawn.

Purpose of Section 14 Orders

Under the Mental Health and Cognitive Impairment Forensic Provisions Act 2020, the Local Court may divert a person charged with an offence away from the criminal justice system and its usual forms of punishment, into mental health care in circumstances where that person is suffering from a mental health impairment or a cognitive impairment.

Eligibility Criteria for Section 14

A magistrate may make an order under section 14 if it appears to the magistrate that the defendant has (or had at the time of the alleged offence) a mental health impairment or cognitive impairment, or both.

Mental Health Impairments Include:

The disturbance impairs the emotional wellbeing, judgement or behaviour of the person

The disturbance impairs the emotional wellbeing, judgement or behaviour of the person

A substance induced mental disorder that is not temporary

A substance induced mental disorder that is not temporary

Depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and other mental health conditions

Depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and other mental health conditions

Cognitive Impairments Include:

The impairments result from damage or dysfunction, development delay or deterioration of the person’s brain or mind

The impairments result from damage or dysfunction, development delay or deterioration of the person’s brain or mind

Autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder

Intellectual disability and acquired brain injury

Intellectual disability and acquired brain injury

Key Differences - Section 10 vs Section 14 Reports

1.

Primary Purpose

Section 10

Section 14

General sentencing discretion for any offender

Mental health diversion for specific conditions

Focuses on avoiding criminal record

Focuses on treatment and support

2.

Eligibility Requirements

Section 10

Available to anyone, considering factors like:

The person’s character, criminal history, age, health and mental condition

The person’s character, criminal history, age, health and mental condition

Severity of the offence

Severity of the offence

Impact of conviction on employment and future prospects

Impact of conviction on employment and future prospects

Section 14

Requires evidence of:

Mental health impairment or cognitive impairment

Mental health impairment or cognitive impairment

Professional psychological or psychiatric assessment

Professional psychological or psychiatric assessment

Treatment plan recommendations

Treatment plan recommendations

3.

Duration and Monitoring

Section 10

Conditional release orders up to 2 years

Conditional release orders up to 2 years

Standard conditions include good behaviour, court appearances if required, and notifying address changes

Standard conditions include good behaviour, court appearances if required, and notifying address changes

Section 14

Treatment/support programs as required

Treatment/support programs as required

Magistrates can call discharged defendants back into court for up to 12 months if they fail to follow their treatment program

Magistrates can call discharged defendants back into court for up to 12 months if they fail to follow their treatment program

Application Process and Professional Support

Section 10 Applications

Section 10 applications are typically handled by criminal lawyers who:

Assess the likelihood of success based on case circumstances

Assess the likelihood of success based on case circumstances

Prepare character references and supporting documentation

Prepare character references and supporting documentation

Make submissions on your character, the severity of the offences, and consequences of conviction

Make submissions on your character, the severity of the offences, and consequences of conviction

Section 14 Applications

Section 14 applications require specialised mental health assessments:

Reports from forensic psychologists or psychiatrists

Reports from forensic psychologists or psychiatrists

Comprehensive treatment plans for the future

Comprehensive treatment plans for the future

Evidence of mental health or cognitive impairment

Evidence of mental health or cognitive impairment

Professional Insight

At Potentialz, our experienced psychologists regularly prepare both Section 10 and Section 14 reports for NSW courts. These detailed assessments examine not only the presence of mental health or cognitive conditions but also provide comprehensive treatment recommendations that align with legal requirements.

Success Rates and Considerations

Factors Affecting Section 10 Success

Research indicates that Section 10 orders are more likely when:

The offence is minor or trivial in nature

The offence is minor or trivial in nature

The defendant has no prior criminal history

The defendant has no prior criminal history

Strong character references are provided

Strong character references are provided

A conviction would have significant consequences for employment or travel

A conviction would have significant consequences for employment or travel

A section 10 is less likely where the offence is serious, or where the offender has received a section 10 previously.

Factors Affecting Section 14 Success

Studies show Section 14 applications succeed when:

Clear evidence of mental health or cognitive impairment exists

Clear evidence of mental health or cognitive impairment exists

Professional treatment recommendations are comprehensive

Professional treatment recommendations are comprehensive

The defendant demonstrates willingness to engage with treatment

The defendant demonstrates willingness to engage with treatment

Community safety concerns are adequately addressed

Community safety concerns are adequately addressed

Test Your Knowledge

Choosing the Right Path

When Section 10 Might Be Appropriate

First-time offenders with minor charges

First-time offenders with minor charges

Cases where a conviction would cause disproportionate consequences

Cases where a conviction would cause disproportionate consequences

Defendants with strong character references and community ties

Defendants with strong character references and community ties

Situations where the offence is considered trivial

Situations where the offence is considered trivial

When Section 14 Might Be Appropriate

Defendants with diagnosed mental health conditions

Defendants with diagnosed mental health conditions

Cases involving cognitive impairments

Cases involving cognitive impairments

Situations where treatment would better serve justice than punishment

Situations where treatment would better serve justice than punishment

When mental health factors contributed to the offending behaviour

When mental health factors contributed to the offending behaviour

Real-World Example

Consider Sarah, a university student charged with shoplifting during a severe depressive episode. While she might qualify for either option, Section 14 would be more appropriate because it addresses the underlying mental health condition that contributed to her offending behaviour, providing her with ongoing psychological support rather than just avoiding a conviction.

Legal Implications and Long-term Consequences

Criminal Record Implications

Both Section 10 and Section 14 orders result in no criminal conviction being recorded. However, there are important distinctions:

Section 10

No conviction = no criminal record, but the matter may still appear on some background checks as a “finding of guilt without conviction.”

Section 14

Charges are completely dismissed, with no finding of guilt recorded.

Professional and Travel Implications

For both orders:

Most employment applications asking about “criminal convictions” can be answered “no”

Most employment applications asking about “criminal convictions” can be answered “no”

Travel to countries with strict entry requirements may still require disclosure

Travel to countries with strict entry requirements may still require disclosure

Professional licensing bodies may have specific requirements

Professional licensing bodies may have specific requirements

Recent Legal Developments

The transition from Section 32 to Section 14 in 2020 brought several important changes:

Extended monitoring period

: Section 14 extends monitoring to 12 months compared to the previous 6 months under Section 32

Extended monitoring period

: Section 14 extends monitoring to 12 months compared to the previous 6 months under Section 32

Broader application

: Section 14 applies to more types of offences than the previous Section 32 provisions

Broader application

: Section 14 applies to more types of offences than the previous Section 32 provisions

Enhanced community safety

: Greater emphasis on risk assessment and community protection

Enhanced community safety

: Greater emphasis on risk assessment and community protection

Professional Support and Resources

Legal Representation

Both Section 10 and Section 14 applications benefit significantly from professional legal representation. Experienced criminal lawyers understand:

Court preferences and tendencies

Court preferences and tendencies

Required documentation and evidence

Required documentation and evidence

Effective advocacy strategies

Effective advocacy strategies

Alternative sentencing options

Alternative sentencing options

Psychological Assessment Services

For Section 14 applications, quality psychological assessment is crucial. Professional services should provide:

Comprehensive diagnostic evaluations

Comprehensive diagnostic evaluations

Detailed treatment recommendations

Detailed treatment recommendations

Court-appropriate reporting formats

Court-appropriate reporting formats

Follow-up support and monitoring

Follow-up support and monitoring

Potentialz Connection:

Our clinic offers comprehensive Section 10 and Section 14 assessment services throughout NSW, including

Section 14 reports in Parramatta

. Our psychologists have extensive experience with NSW court requirements and work collaboratively with legal teams to achieve the best outcomes for clients.

For more information about our mental health assessment services, visit our

clinical psychology services

page or explore our range of

therapeutic approaches

Conclusion

Understanding the differences between Section 10 and Section 14 orders is crucial for anyone facing criminal charges in NSW. While both can result in avoiding a criminal conviction, they serve different purposes and populations:

Section 10

provides general sentencing discretion for any offender, focusing on avoiding the consequences of a criminal record

Section 10

provides general sentencing discretion for any offender, focusing on avoiding the consequences of a criminal record

Section 14

specifically addresses the needs of people with mental health or cognitive impairments, emphasising treatment over punishment

Section 14

specifically addresses the needs of people with mental health or cognitive impairments, emphasising treatment over punishment

The choice between these options depends on your individual circumstances, the nature of your charges, and whether mental health or cognitive factors played a role in your situation. Professional legal and psychological support can be invaluable in navigating these complex decisions and achieving the best possible outcome.

Remember, both options represent the NSW legal system’s recognition that sometimes treatment, support, or second chances serve justice better than traditional criminal penalties. With proper professional guidance, these provisions can provide pathways to positive outcomes while addressing underlying issues that may have contributed to offending behaviour.

If you’re facing charges and believe you might qualify for either Section 10 or Section 14, consult with experienced professionals who understand both the legal and psychological aspects of these important provisions.

Understanding Section 14 of the Mental Health and Cognitive Impairment Forensic Provisions Act

Understanding Section 14 of the Mental Health and Cognitive Impairment Forensic Provisions Act

The What, Why and How of Section 14 Reports in the NSW Judicial System

The What, Why and How of Section 14 Reports in the NSW Judicial System

Does a Section 14 Show Up on a Police Check

Does a Section 14 Show Up on a Police Check

How to Access Psychological Services in Bella Vista

How to Access Psychological Services in Bella Vista

References

Legal Aid NSW. (2024). What is a section 14? Retrieved from

https://www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au/ways-to-get-help/publications-and-resources/what-is-a-section-14

Legal Aid NSW. (2024). What is a section 14? Retrieved from

https://www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au/ways-to-get-help/publications-and-resources/what-is-a-section-14

NSW Government. (1999). Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999. Retrieved from

https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-1999-092

Section 10 vs Section 14 Reports: Understanding the Key Differences